On the excitation of a closely spaced array by a line source

An infinite row of periodically spaced, identical rigid circularcylinders is excited by an acoustic line source which is parallelto the generators of the cylinders. A method for calculatingthe scattered field accurately and efficiently is presented.When the cylinders are sufficiently close together, Rayleigh–Blochsurface waves that propagate energy to infinity along the arrayare excited. An expression is derived which enables the amplitudesof these surface waves to be computed without requiring thesolution to the full scattering problem.     

电子辐照诱发固态相变导致的氮化硼纳米结构生长

报道了N+离子轰击产生的氮化硼(BN)纳米结构,及在电子辐照时结构演化的高分辨透射电子显微镜的原位测定结果.应当强调的是,这种类富勒烯和发夹结构的演化,实际上是电子辐照诱发固态相变的发展,观察中发现的一些BN颗粒、卷曲物,可以被认为是类富勒烯等纳米结构形成的前体或早期阶段.提出了一种类富勒烯等结构的电子辐照动力学模型,并进行了讨论. 关键词： 氮化硼 电子辐照 透射电子显微镜 氮化硼纳米形成物     

Reaction Intermediates on TiO2(110) Identified by Time-Lapse Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

The present account describes first time examples of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) visualization of reaction intermediates on a metal oxide surface. The topographic response of reactant-adsorbed TiO₂(110) surfaces to a temperature increment or to a pressure increment was monitored as a sequence of STM images. Acetates thermally decomposing to ketene were resolved in a temperature-jump STM observation. The kinetics of the acetate consumption was determined on the number of acetates resolved in the microscope images and agreed with the macroscopic rate law of ketene production. A pressure-jump study revealed how a chemisorbed carboxylate (RCOO^-) is exchanged by another carboxylate (R'COO^-) supplied from the ambient vapor phase. An impinging R'COOH was immobilized on the top of a RCOO^- and then squeezed itself into the monolayer of the RCOO^-. One of the carboxylates in the squeezed state returned to the vapor phase via the immobilized state.     

Establishment of Illuminance Scale at UME with an Accurately Calibrated Radiometer

Traceability in illuminance measurements at the National Metrology Institute of Turkey (TüBITAK-UME) was established in 2003 with a detector-based realization. The new measurement technique was developed for the determination of illuminance responsivity and upgrating of the illuminance scale. The unit of the illuminance responsivity, in A/lx, was measured with an expanded uncertainty of 0.2% (k = 2) by supplying using the developed scanning technique for the calculation of color correction factor. The surface of a radiometer was scanned using a double-monochromator facility upgraded with an x-y scanning system. The illuminance responsivity as a function of bandpass and temperature were also investigated in this study. To use a radiometer in the photometric applications of metrology, a light-sensitive device, a so-called trap detector, was characterized by measuring the absolute responsivity, the non-linearity, and spatial non-uniformity.     

Annealing behavior of gel‐spun polyethylene fibers at temperatures lower than needed for significant shrinkage

The annealing at 373 K of ultrastrong, gel‐spun polyethylene (PE) has been studied. At this temperature, the fibers show no significant shrinkage. Still, a significant decrease in the mechanical properties is observed. The fibers have been analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). During the annealing, the glass transition of the intermediate phase is exceeded, as shown by DSC. When split for structure analysis by AFM, the annealed fibers undergo plastic deformation around the base fibrils instead of brittle fracture. The quasi‐isothermal TMDSC experiments are compared to the minor structural changes seen with SAXS and AFM. The loss of performance of the PE fibers at 373 K is suggested to be caused by the oriented intermediate phase, and not by major changes in the structure or morphology. The overall metastable, semicrystalline structure is shown by TMDSC to posses local regions that can melt reversibly. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 403–417, 2003     

Influence of annealing and chain defects on the melting behaviour of poly(vinylidene fluoride)

The melting behaviour of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering in order to study the influence of the chain defects content and of the temperature of annealing on the crystallization and melting behaviour.All the DSC scans show a double endotherm and the analysis of the data suggests that the low temperature endotherm is due to the melting of a population of thin lamellae, whose thickness increases during the annealing, but a high content of chain defects prevents the lamellar thickening and the main effect in this case is the crystallization of thin lamellae from a portion of polymer which did not crystallize during the quenching from the melt. Furthermore, the two melting endotherms, which are observed, can be partially ascribed to a melting-recrystallization process.Furthermore, stepwise isothermal cooling was performed in a differential scanning calorimeter followed by melting scans of fractionated PVDF samples to point out the possible presence of a series of endothermic peaks.     

用反射法自动测量大尺寸样品的折射率分布

针对大尺寸样品的折射率分布测量,引入自动扫描装置和适时数据处理系统,研究出一种高灵敏度的智能化反射法折射率分布测量仪,可进行快速、自动、准确的折射率分布测量.经理论分析和实验研究提出了一套合理的实验数据处理方法.并具体介绍和详尽分析了实验装置,讨论了有关理论和实验误差,给出了消除各种误差的有效方法,最终得出较为理想的实验结果.     

激光水下扫描成像系统的图像修正机理

同步扫描系统可以克服后向散射，但同时也产生了两种非线性，一是扫描线速度的非线性，一是由于距离对光能衰减造成的非线性，两种非线性都需要修正，本文从原理上讨论水下激光成像时能量衰减的修正原理与修正方法，并给出仿真结果。     

液晶显示器用导电粉的扫描电镜图像

液晶显示器用导电粉的形状、尺寸及偏差对于液晶显示屏的质量控制来说是非常重要的。论述了液晶显示器(LCD)用导电粉的作用和性能要求。给出了液晶显示器用导电粉的扫描电镜图像。该图像对观测导电粉的粒径分布、导电粉在导电点中的浓度和分析导电点缺陷、提高液晶显示器的产品质量具有一定的意义。     

Differentiation between tracks and damages in SSNTD under the atomic force microscope

We have observed three-dimensional sponge-like structures as well as strips of connecting pits on the surface of the LR 115 detector after etching, which can be confused with the small tracks formed after short etching time. We have employed an atomic force microscope (AFM) to study these “damages” as well as genuine alpha tracks for short etching time. It was found that while the track and damage openings could be similar in size and shape, the depths for the damages were consistently smaller. Therefore, the depth of the pits will serve as a clear criterion to differentiate between tracks and other damages. The ability to discriminate between genuine tracks from other damages is most important for etching for short time intervals.